child abuse.

Abuse or physical abuse

Is defined as "any non-accidental action by parents or caregivers to cause physical injury or illness in the child or place him at serious risk of suffering.
Typical indicators of physical abuse in a child are wounds or bruises in various stages of healing and is prevalent in different parts of the body, burns with a defined shape, the nose or jaw fractures, and spiral of long bones; sprains, dislocations, bruises or scratches on the face and back of the limbs and torso; signs of human bites, cuts or punctures, internal injuries (in the skull or brain, symptoms of asphyxiation ...).
                                          

The abandonment or physical neglect and cognitive

Is defined as a situation where the physical needs (food, clothing, hygiene, security and surveillance in hazardous situations, education and / or medical care) and basic cognitive child are not served temporarily or permanently for any member who lives with child.
                                                 

Historical Aspects.

Legal and medical care of abused children began to develop in the second half of the nineteenth century. Individually, the French physician A. Tardieu in 1860 published the first monograph on the subject and the American doctor also Silverman imaging studies demonstrated no visible consequences of the abuse.
The first trial defending a child (a girl) for the ill-treatment by adults (in his case, his own mother), took place in 1874 in the United States. The prosecution was conducted by the Humane Society, as there was no law that protects children, although animals in general.
These pioneering work that resulted before the end of the century, two companies were created pro rights of children: The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, in New York, and The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, in London.
The attention to the rights of children is characteristic of the second half of the twentieth century, when they are recognized as subjects of rights. In 1959, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Declaration on the Rights of the Child and, later, in 1989, the same Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Paralalamente that interest in legal status, was developed corresponding emphasis on understanding and preventing the phenomenon.
In 1962, U.S. published a scientific paper entitled "battered child syndrome" that fostered a definitive care for victims of child abuse, including reformulating them the legislative and public awareness regarding the problem. In most developed European countries, there was a similar phenomena in the following years.
The attention of experts has gone from near the concentration of physical abuse to be open to, first, understanding the concepts of negligence and emotional abuse, and, secondly, the problem of sexual abuse . Also, there have been changes in regard to the perception of offenders (in principle, identified with people with mental and / or belonging to socio-economic contexts far behind, then assuming the varied profile of child abuse) and how to address the problems (in principle, the separation of abused its environment, then the attempt to rehabilitate the environment.)